This will, according to imec, significantly improve the write duty cycle of the memory, enabling ns-scale write speeds. imec also demonstrated a manufacturable solution for external-field-free VCMA switching operation. Both innovations address fundamental write operation challenges for VCMA MRAMs, making them viable for future high-performance low-power memory applications.
Voltage-controlled MRAM operation has recently been introduced to bring down the power consumption of spin-transfer-torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) devices - a class of non-volatile, high-density, high-speed memories.
While writing STT-MRAM memory cells is performed by means of a current (injected perpendicular into a magnetic tunnel junction), VCMA MRAM uses an electric field (hence, a voltage) for its write operation - this process is far less energy consuming. Two basic components are required to switch from the parallel (P) to the antiparallel state (AP) (or vice versa): an electric field (across the tunnel barrier) to remove the energy barrier, and an external in-plane magnetic field for the actual VCMA switching.
Imec has been able to solve two fundamental operation challenges which have so far limited the write speed and manufacturability of VCMA MRAMs, respectively.
The slow write operation relates to the unipolar nature of the VCMA MRAM device: the same polarity of write pulse is needed to transition from the parallel to the anti-parallel (P-AP) state as to switch from anti-parallel to parallel (AP-P) state. Therefore, the memory cell needs to be ‘pre-read’ to know its state before writing - a sequence which significantly slows down the write operation.
Imec has introduced a unique deterministic VCMA write concept that avoids the need for pre-reading: distinct threshold voltages are introduced for the A-AP and AP-P transitions by creating an offset in the energy barrier. This offset is realised by implementing a small (e.g. 5mT) offset magnetic field (Bz,eff) in the VCMA stack design.
Imec has also embedded a magnetic hardmask on top of the magnetic tunnel junction. This eliminates the need for an external magnetic field during VCMA switching, improving the device’s manufacturability without degrading its performance.
The devices were fabricated using imec’s 300mm state-of-the-art technology infrastructure, proving their compatibility with CMOS technology. Reliable 1.1GHz (or ns-scale speed) external-magnetic-field-free VCMA switching was demonstrated with only 20fJ write energy. A high tunnel magnetoresistance of 246% and an endurance of more than 1010 have been achieved.
Commenting Gouri Sankar Kar, Program Director at imec said, “These characteristics bring VCMA MRAM performance beyond STT-MRAM operation, making the devices ideal candidates for high-performance, low-power and high-density memory application – serving advanced computational needs or analogue compute-in-memory applications.”
Figure 1: (a) Energy diagram with Bz,eff for the proposed deterministic write, where the AP state is more stable than the P state. (b) Retention (Δ) as a function of Bz,eff
