Led by Lei Li, assistant professor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, and graduate student, Mojtaba Falahati, the researchers developed a liquid mould from droplets that they can manipulate with magnets to create lenses in a variety of shapes and sizes.
High-quality lenses are increasingly used in everything from cameras, to self-driving cars, and virtually all robotics, but the traditional moulding and casting processes used in their manufacturing require sophisticated and expensive metal moulds. So, manufacturers are mostly limited to mass producing one kind of lens.
"The moulds are precisely finished and are difficult to make," said Assist Prof Li. "It isn't worthwhile to make a mould for low-volume production."
The researchers ran into the problem firsthand as they searched for lenses for their work to develop a portable laboratory reader on a phone.
They first tried to make their own lenses using 3D printing but found it difficult to control the lens shape. They then came up with the idea of using magnets and the surface tension of liquids to literally create free-flowing moulds.
They placed tiny, magnetic iron particles into liquid droplets and built a device to surround the droplets with magnets. They then poured the plastic material used in lenses over the droplet. As they applied a magnetic field, the droplet took on a conical lens shape - creating a mould for the plastic lens material. Once they cured the plastic, it hardened and had the same optical properties and imaging quality as a commercially purchased lens. The liquid droplet remains separate and can be re-used.
The magnets can be moved to change the magnetic field, the shape of the mould, and the resulting lens. The researchers also used bigger or smaller droplets to create lenses of varying sizes.
"We brought the concept of interfacial tension to the field of optics by introducing an innovative controllable liquid mould," said Li. "This novel process allowed us to regulate the shape of a magnetic drop and to create lenses without having to fabricate expensive moulds."
