The research, published in Nature Nanotechnology, could pave the way for the ultra-fast transport of electrons with low loss of energy in novel systems.
"This shows we can now electrically control the electrons in graphene," said Eva Y. Andrei, Board of Governors professor in Rutgers' Department of Physics and Astronomy in the School of Arts and Sciences and the study's senior author. "In the past, we couldn't do it. This is the reason people thought that one could not make devices like transistors that require switching with graphene, because their electrons run wild."
According to the team it may now be possible to possible to create a graphene nano-scale transistor. At present graphene based electronics components include: ultra-fast amplifiers, supercapacitors and ultra-low resistivity wires.
The addition of a graphene transistor would be an important step towards an all-graphene electronics platform. Other graphene-based applications include ultra-sensitive chemical and biological sensors, filters for desalination and water purification.
Graphene is also being developed in flat flexible screens, and paintable and printable electronic circuits.
A nano-thin layer of carbon-based graphite, graphene is far stronger than steel and a great conductor. But when electrons move through it, they do so in straight lines and their high velocity does not change. "If they hit a barrier, they can't turn back, so they have to go through it," Andrei said. "People have been looking at how to control or tame these electrons."
Her team managed to control these ‘wild’ electrons by sending voltage through a high-tech microscope with an extremely sharp tip, also the size of one atom. They created what resembles an optical system by sending voltage through a scanning tunnelling microscope, which offers 3-D views of surfaces at the atomic scale. The microscope's sharp tip creates a force field that traps electrons in graphene or modifies their trajectories, similar to the effect a lens has on light rays.
Electrons can easily be trapped and released, providing an efficient on-off switching mechanism, according to Andrei.
"You can trap electrons without making holes in the graphene," she said. "If you change the voltage, you can release the electrons. So you can catch them and let them go at will."
The next step would be to scale up by putting extremely thin wires, called nanowires, on top of graphene and controlling the electrons with voltages, she said.
